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Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy  or  ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry  ( UV–Vis  or  UV/Vis ) refers to  absorption spectroscopy  or reflectance spectroscopy in part of the  ultraviolet  and the full, adjacent  visible  spectral regions. This means it uses light in the visible and adjacent ranges. The absorption or reflectance in the visible range directly affects the perceived  color of the chemicals  involved. In this region of the  electromagnetic spectrum ,  atoms  and  molecules  undergo  electronic transitions . Absorption spectroscopy is complementary to  fluorescence spectroscopy , in that  fluorescence  deals with transitions from the  excited state  to the  ground state , while absorption measures transitions from the ground state to the excited state. [1] Molecules containing bonding and non-bonding electrons (n-electrons) can absorb e...

How to save data usage on your iPhone Decreasing the data usage on an iPhone/android phone is something that most Phone users will find helpful.  Take a look at some tricks on how to save data on your Apple device.  TIPS/TRICKS 1. Turn off cellular data for iCloud Open settings then select iCloud twice.  Scroll to the bottom and disable “use cellular data”. 2. Disable automatic downloads on cellular data Go to settings then select Apps and iTunes stores. In this section, locate “use cellular data” and disable it. 3.Disable WiFi-assist Go to settings then select cellular. Scroll to the bottom to: WiFi assist and slide the toggle left to turn it off. 4.Disable certain apps Go to settings, then cellular. You will be given a list of applications that use cellular data and you can slide the toggle to turn cellular data off for specific apps.  5. Disable background app refresh Go to settings, then general and locate background app refresh.  Slide the toggle next to "b...

Following the just concluded mock examination organized by the Joint Admission and matriculation board for its candidates in preparation for the forth coming exam on March 14th 2020 we have been able to compile a list of possible questions on the Novel Sweet Sixteen and their answers. Here are the top questions below: 1. What was the introductory statement on Aliya’s 16th birthday letter? CORRECT ANSWER=”How time flies” 2. What is the title of Aliyas 16th birthday letter? CORRECT ANSWER= ”Letter to my daughter” 3. What was so special about Aliya’s 16th birthday letter? CORRECT ANSWER= It had 16 pages and each page for each year of her life. 4. What surprised Aliya about her 16th birthday letter? CORRECT ANSWER= She thought her dad copied Maya Angelou work with the title “letter to my daughter”, but was surprised to see her dad copied only the title and wrote the letter in his words. 5. What was the title of Aliya’s 12th birthday letter? CORRECT ANSWER= Happy birthday my first lady, rem...

How does DNA encode the information for a protein? There are only four DNA bases, but there are 20 amino acids that can be used for proteins. So, groups of three nucleotides form a word ( codon ) that specifies which of the 20 amino acids goes into the protein (a 3-base codon yields 64 possible patterns (4*4*4), which is more than enough to specify 20 amino acids. Because there are 64 possible codons and only 20 amino acids, there is some repetition in the genetic code. Also, the order of codons in the gene specifies the order of amino acids in the protein. It may require anywhere from 100 to 1,000 codons (300 to 2,000 nucleotides) to specify a given protein. Each gene also has codons to designate the beginning ( start codon ) and end ( stop codon ) of the gene. Building a Protein: Transcription Building proteins is very much like building a house: The master blueprint is DNA, which contains all of the information to build the new protein (house). The working copy of the ma...

Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is the spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum, that is light with a longer wavelength and lower frequency than visible light. It covers a range of techniques, mostly based on absorption spectroscopy. As with all spectroscopic techniques, it can be used to identify and study chemicals. A common laboratory instrument that uses this technique is a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. An IR spectrum can be visualized in a graph of infrared light  absorbance  (or  transmittance ) on the vertical axis vs. frequency or wavelength on the horizontal axis. Typical  units  of frequency used in IR spectra are  reciprocal centimeters  (sometimes called  wave numbers ), with the symbol cm −1 . Units of IR wavelength are commonly given in  micrometers  (formerly called "microns"), symbol μm, which are related to wave numbers in a  reciprocal ...

A mass spectrometer consists of three components: an ion source, a mass analyzer, and a detector.  The  ionizer  converts a portion of the sample into ions. There is a wide variety of ionization techniques, depending on the phase (solid, liquid, gas) of the sample and the efficiency of various ionization mechanisms for the unknown species. An extraction system removes ions from the sample, which are then targeted through the mass analyzer and into the  detector . The differences in masses of the fragments allows the mass analyzer to sort the ions by their mass-to-charge ratio. The detector measures the value of an indicator quantity and thus provides data for calculating the abundances of each ion present. Some detectors also give spatial information, e.g., a multichannel plate. A mass spectrum is a plot of the ion signal as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio. These spectra are used to determine the elemental or  isotopic signature  of a sam...